This lesson involves two often-misunderstood words: vertical and complementary. The word "vertical" usually means "up and down," but with vertical angles, it means "related to a vertex," or corner. Complementary in mathematics means "adding to $90°$," but it also is an adjective generally used to mean "combining in a way that enhances something," like two people with complementary skills--one cooks and one bakes, for instance.

Keep the mathematical meaning of these two words clear in your mind, and you will clearly define vertical angles and complementary angles.

## Vertical Angles Definition

When two lines intersect in geometry, they form four angles. Verticle angles are angles opposite each other. Any two intersecting lines form two pairs of vertical angles, like this:

Just a quick look at the drawing brings to mind several nagging questions:

1. Are vertical angles congruent?
3. Are vertical angles supplementary?
4. Are vertical angles complementary?

Let's tackle these one at a time. Take two straight objects, like bamboo skewers or pencils. Toss them so that they cross and form two pairs of angles. Now, look at the angles they form.

If you study any pair of opposite angles in the items you tossed out, you will see they share a common point at their vertices, their corners. That makes them vertical angles. You will also notice that, large or small, they seem to be mirror images of each other. They are; they are the same angle, reflected across the vertex.

## Vertical Angles Theorem

Vertical Angles Theorem states that vertical angles, angles that are opposite each other and formed by two intersecting straight lines, are congruent. Vertical angles are always congruent angles, so when someone asks the following question, you already know the answer.

### Are Vertical Angles Congruent?

Yes, according to vertical angle theorem, no matter how you throw your skewers or pencils so that they cross, or how two intersecting lines cross, vertical angles will always be congruent, or equal to each other. This is enshrined in mathematics in the Vertical Angles Theorem.

Vertical angles cannot, by definition, be adjacent (next to each other). Another pair of vertical angles interrupts since opposite angles are vertical. Adjacent angles take one angle from one pair of vertical angles and another angle from the other pair of vertical angles.

### Are Vertical Angles Supplementary?

Supplementary angles add to $180°$, and only one configuration of intersecting lines will yield supplementary, vertical angles; when the intersecting lines are perpendicular.

This becomes obvious when you realize the opposite, congruent vertical angles, call them $a$ must solve this simple algebra equation:

You have a 1-in-90 chance of randomly getting supplementary, vertical angles from randomly tossing two line segments out so that they intersect.

While vertical angles are not always supplementary, adjacent angles are always supplementary. Take any two adjacent angles from among the four angles created by two intersecting lines. Those two adjacent angles will always add to 180°. We can see this if we start at the top left and work our way clockwise around the figure:

• $\angle EMI$ is supplementary to $\angle IMU$ and $\angle EMP$
• $\angle IMU$ is supplementary to $\angle PMU$ and $\angle EMI$
• $\angle UMP$ is supplementary to $\angle IMU$ and $\angle EMP$
• $\angle EMP$ is supplementary to $\angle EMI$ and $\angle UMP$

### Are Vertical Angles Complementary?

If vertical angles are not always supplementary, are they at least complementary angles, that is, adding to $90°$?

Again, we can use algebra to support what is evident in the drawings for vertical angles $a$:

Only when vertical angles, $a$, are $45°$ can they be complementary. Acute vertical angles could be complementary; you have a 1-in-45 chance of that.

## Complementary Angles Example

Complementary angles add to $90°$. Complementary angles need not be connected with a common vertex or point, or line. They can be adjacent or vertical in intersecting lines. They could be in two different polygons, so long as the sum of their angles is exactly $90°$. Complementary angles are each acute angles.

In most cases, you can only find the measure of one complementary angle if you know the measure of its complement. If you are told a triangle has $\angle T$ complementary to $\angle P$ in an irregular pentagon, you cannot know anything about the two angles other than they are both acute.

If, though, we say $\angle P$ in the pentagon measures $57°$, then we immediately know the missing $\angle T$, angle measures $33°$:

## What Are Vertical Angles?

A pair of vertical angles are formed when two lines intersect. Vertical angles are opposite to each other and share a vertex. Let's review what else we have learned about vertical angles:

1. Can vertical angles be congruent?
2. Can vertical angles be supplementary?
3. When will vertical angles be complementary?

For #1, We hope you said vertical angles are always congruent!

For #2, did you say vertical angles are only supplementary when lines are perpendicular?

For #3, did you write that vertical angles will be complementary only when they each measure $45°$?

There is so much to learn about angles and angle relationships.

### Next Lesson:

Instructor: Malcolm M.
Malcolm has a Master's Degree in education and holds four teaching certificates. He has been a public school teacher for 27 years, including 15 years as a mathematics teacher.

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