A quadrilateral is a plane figure made with four line segments closing in a space. The easiest, fastest way to learn about quadrilaterals is to build one yourself.

Find four straight objects to use as line segments (four = quadr; side = lateral). Anything will do, and they do not have to be the same length: straws, rulers, dowels, pens -- whatever you have handy. If you connect the four linear objects at their eight ends, you have a quadrilateral, a four-sided polygon.

Usually, the four sides do not cross each other, making a simple quadrilateral. You could arrange your quadrilateral so line segments cross each other: you have a complex quadrilateral.

Quadrilaterals appear in four different classifications:

1. Convex -- Each interior angle is less than 180° and the two diagonals are inside the closed space of the quadrilateral
2. Concave -- One interior angle is greater than 180° and one diagonal lies outside the shape
3. Simple -- The quadrilateral does not cross its sides (it is not self-intersecting)
4. Complex -- The quadrilateral has self-intersecting sides

A quadrilateral has two identifying properties:

1. Four straight sides
2. Four vertices (angles where sides meet at their endpoints)

### How many sides does a quadrilateral have?

A quadrilateral has 4 straight sides. Sides and angles can be equal or unequal. When two or four sides are equal, you get special types of quadrilaterals such as trapezoids and rectangles.

All the other four-sided plane figures derive from the quadrilateral:

• Rhombus
• Square
• Rectangle
• Parallelogram
• Kite
• Dart
• Trapezoid

## How To Draw a Quadrilateral

Use a straightedge or ruler to draw a quadrilateral. Draw four line segments so each endpoint touches one other endpoint. Whether you have drawn a simple or complex, convex or concave quadrilateral, you did it correctly!

Draw a simple quadrilateral. Do not let any line segments cross each other. Your simple quadrilateral could be either concave or convex. If two sides point inward, you drew a concave quadrilateral.

Now draw a quadrilateral where two non-adjacent line segments cross each other. You have drawn a complex quadrilateral.

Each vertex is given a letter, moving in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) to the next vertex, like quadrilateral $ABCD$. Each side of the quadrilateral is then identified by its line segment (). Each interior angle uses its vertex letter ().

Diagonals can be constructed by connecting opposite (non-adjacent) vertices: .

### How To Name a Quadrilateral

A simple quadrilateral is also called a quadrangle or a tetragon. A simple quadrilateral will be symmetrical if it has at least one pair of congruent sides.

• For a simple quadrilateral, interior angles of the four vertices add to 360°
• For a convex quadrilateral, each interior angle will be less than 180°
• For a concave quadrilateral, one interior angle will be greater than 180°
• For a complex quadrilateral, interior angles add to 720° because two of the interior angles are reflex angles, each greater than 180° but less than 360°

All convex quadrilaterals have diagonals (line segments connecting non-adjacent vertices) inside their enclosed space.

All concave quadrilaterals have one of their diagonals outside their enclosed space. All complex quadrilaterals have both diagonals outside their enclosed space.

You may have noticed that the complex quadrilateral has self-intersecting sides. In mathematics, though, the angles formed by the intersection are not part of the shape.

A complex quadrilateral has two acute interior acute angles and two interior reflex angles. Those two reflex angles will appear to be outside the shape, which can be confusing. They are still considered "interior" angles.

Even though two line segments cross and appear to make two more interior angles, the quadrilateral is still said to have only four interior angles. The self-intersecting line segments do not add two angles to the complex quadrilateral.

## Lesson Summary

In this lesson you learned that a quadrilateral is a plane figure made with four line segments closing in a space. Specific types of quadrilaterals, like the rectangle, trapezoid and square, have more restrictive definitions.

• Quadrilaterals can be simple or complex
• Simple quadrilaterals can be convex or concave
• Quadrilaterals can be symmetrical or asymmetrical
• Interior angles of all simple quadrilaterals (convex or concave) add up to 360°

## What you learned:

This video lesson taught you to:

• Identify a quadrilateral and place it in the family of plane figures
• Identify and name the four sides and four vertices
• Tell the difference between a simple and complex quadrilateral
• Tell the difference between a convex and a concave quadrilateral

### Next Lesson:

Instructor: Malcolm M.
Malcolm has a Master's Degree in education and holds four teaching certificates. He has been a public school teacher for 27 years, including 15 years as a mathematics teacher.

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